DWYE flowmeter | UL horizontal and vertical combustion tester UL94 standard requirements

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How to choose a flow meter?

1、 The flow rate is determined based on the maximum flow rate to choose a flow meter with a larger scale.

2、 Determine the diameter of the flow meter based on the flow rate and industrial pipeline size. Generally, flow meters that are consistent with the pipeline are chosen.

3、 Select the lining of the flowmeter based on the characteristics of the measured medium. For example, temperature, corrosiveness, whether there may be negative pressure inside the pipeline, and so on. The general lining includes PTFE, soft rubber, hard rubber PFA、 Ceramics, etc.

4、 Select the material of the measuring electrode based on the characteristics of the medium. Generally, there are 30

4, 31

6, Hastelloy, titanium, tantalum, and so on.

5、 Select the pressure rating of the flanges connected on both sides based on the pressure rating of the process pipeline.

6、 Choose the protection level. If the sensor is located entirely underwater, IP68.

2. Deep analysis of signal conditioning circuits in military special electronics

The signal conditioning circuit is the core module for standardizing the original sensor signal in military special electronics. It converts weak and noisy physical signals into stable voltage signals that can be recognized by digital systems through various conversion techniques, directly affecting the accuracy, reliability, and survivability of weapon systems.

1. Core Functions and Technical Principles of Signal Conditioning Circuit The core task of signal conditioning circuit is to complete the conversion of sensor raw signal to standard voltage signal. According to the input signal type, it can be divided int

o the following five categories: capacitance to voltage (C/V) principle: using the characteristic of capacitance impedance changing with its value, small capacitance changes (fF level) are linearly converted into voltage changes through AC excitation or dedicated integrated circuits (such as CDC chips).

. Military applications: MEMS accelerometers, capacitive pressure sensors, proximity fuses, and other small distance/pressure/acceleration measurement scenarios. Technical challenge: Stray capacitance interference requires precise shielding, and high requirements for drive protection technology. Principle of charge to voltage (Q/V) conversion: Based on the integrator circuit of an operational amplifier, the sensor charge (Q) is integrated on the feedback capacitor (Cf) through the law of charge conservation. The output voltage Vout=- Q/Cf needs to be reset to prevent saturation. Military applications: high impedance signal scenarios such as piezoelectric shock/vibration monitoring sensors, explosion shock wave testing systems, and artillery chamber pressure sensors. Technical challenges: Input impedance needs to be extremely high (>1T Ω), feedback capacitor leakage current control needs to be<1pA, and reset switch performance is demanding. Principle of potential to voltage conversion: signal optimization is achieved through isolation, amplification, filtering, and impedance transformation. Isolation uses optocouplers/magnetic couplings to cut off the ground circuit; Increase the mV level signal to the ADC input range (such as 0-5V); Filter to remove high-frequency noise and power frequency interference. Military applications: thermocouple temperature measurement, strain gauge stress measurement, radar/communication rec

DWYE flowmeter | UL horizontal and vertical combustion tester UL94 standard requirements

How to choose a flow meter?

2. Deep analysis of signal conditioning circuits in military special electronics

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